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The Book — Extras

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List of Programs, Code Excerpts, and Command-Line Examples

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2-2	Sequence of GDB commands for generating a crash report	61
2-3	The structure of the Mach-O header (32-bit version)	63
2-4	A trivial C program to be compiled to an "empty" executable	64
2-5	Displaying the load commands in an executable's Mach-O header	65
2-6	Creating fat binaries	66
2-8	Compiling dynamic and static libraries	69
2-9	Using a custom initialization routine in a dynamic shared library	70
2-10	Using weak symbols on Mac OS X 10.2 and newer	72
2-11	Interposing a library function through dyld	73
2-13	Bundle structure of a Mac OS X framework	83
2-16	Listing the load commands in a Mach-O file	87
2-17	Printing libraries loaded in a program	88
2-18	Determining whether a Mach-O file is prebound	89
2-26	Using nibtool to view the contents of a nib file	110
2-28	Using precompiled headers	123
2-29	A trivial AppleScript program	125
2-30	Command-line interaction with the Disc Recording framework	127
2-31	Command-line interaction with the Disk Images framework	127
2-32	Using the sips command to resample an image and convert its format	128
2-33	Using the mdfind command to find files matching a given query	129
2-35	Using Authorization Services	137
2-36	Examining keychains using the security command	140
2-37	Interacting with Directory Services by using command-line tools	141
2-38	Using the scutil command to access the System Configuration dynamic store	142
2-39	An audit control file	144
3-5	Retrieving processor cache information using the sysctl command	178
3-7	Data prefetching in AltiVec	187
3-9	Retrieving and displaying the Timebase Register	192
3-10	Code template for inline assembly in the GNU assembler	193
3-12	Precision of the floating-point-estimate instruction on the G4 and the G5	200
3-16	A trivial AltiVec program	215
3-17	Displaying the contents of the VRSAVE	216
3-18	A simple C function that calls another function	228
3-19	Assembly code depicting an indirect function call	229
3-20	Assembly code depicting a direct function call	230
3-22	Assembly listing for a C function with no arguments and an empty body	233
3-25	Printing a function call stack trace	237
3-26	A recursive function to compute factorials	241
3-27	Annotated assembly listing for the function shown in Figure 3-26	242
3-28	A hardware-based compare-and-store function for the 970FX	245
3-31	Implementation of function rerouting by instruction patching	250
3-32	Function rerouting in action	255
3-33	Tracing an "empty" C program using amber	257
3-34	A C program with instructions that are illegal in user space	257
3-35	Tracing program execution with amber	258
3-36	Accounting for instructions traced by amber	259
4-2	Physical memory properties in the device tree of a PowerBook G4	294
4-3	Physical memory properties in the device tree of a Power Mac G5	295
4-4	Dumping NVRAM contents	300
4-6	The Towers of Hanoi: simulating recursion using a stack	305
4-7	The Towers of Hanoi: Forth code for animation	306
4-8	The Towers of Hanoi: Forth code for the program's core logic	312
4-10	Fabricating and using a mouse pointer in Open Firmware	315
4-11	AND and XOR masks for an X-shaped pointer	317
4-12	Pixel-addressable printing in Open Firmware made possible by stealing a font	318
4-13	A clock implemented in the Open Firmware environment	321
4-14	PPM image data for a 4x4-pixel image	322
4-16	A bootinfo file	329
4-17	Properties of the chosen device node as seen from Mac OS X	334
4-18	Retrieving a BSD device node's Open Firmware path	341
4-22	Using the EFI shell	372
4-24	Listing the partitions on a GPT-partitioned disk	376
5-3	The kernel's per-processor data table	390
5-4	The entry for the PowerPC 970FX in the processor-type table	395
5-5	Data structure and related definitions of a patch-table entry	398
5-6	The kernel's patch table	399
5-7	Flushing the L2 cache on the PowerPC 970FX	404
5-9	Calculating the PowerPC PTEG hash table size used by the kernel	412
5-10	Initialization of the kprintf() function	417
5-13	Initializing page frames during VM subsystem initialization	425
5-15	Loading a replacement panic user interface image into the kernel	437
5-16	Testing the panic user interface	439
5-18	Domain and protocol initialization	451
5-19	Mounting the root file system	456
5-20	Finding the root device with help from the I/O Kit	457
5-21	Doing the core work of finding the root device	457
5-23	A launchd configuration file	474
5-24	Creating a periodic launchd job	476
5-26	A trivial echo server called dummyd	479
5-27	The contents of the com.osxbook.dummyd.plist configuration file	483
5-32	Implementation of session creation and launching by launchd	489
6-1	Retrieving basic host information using Mach calls	520
6-2	Retrieving clock attributes and time values in Mach	522
6-3	Setting an alarm using Mach calls	524
6-4	Using Mach calls to retrieve scheduling and virtual memory statistics	527
6-5	The Mach-O segment containing the exception vectors in the kernel executable	534
6-6	The kernel's exception vectors	535
6-7	Trap vectors in Third Edition UNIX	536
6-8	Structure for a thread's machine-dependent state	538
6-10	Common code for exception processing	544
6-14	Passing a long long parameter in 32-bit and 64-bit ABIs	564
6-16	Details of the final dispatching of BSD system calls	566
6-17	System call data structures in Third Edition UNIX	572
6-18	Creating a user-space system call stub	573
6-19	Directly invoking a BSD system call	575
6-20	Multiple ways of retrieving a Mach task's self port	577
6-21	Mach trap table data structures and definitions	579
6-22	Mach trap table initialization	580
6-23	Setting up the pid_for_task() Mach trap	582
6-24	Testing the pid_for_task() Mach trap	583
6-25	Testing the Thread Info UFT	588
6-26	Testing the Facility Status UFT	589
6-27	Enabling the kernel's Blue Box support	591
6-28	Displaying the contents of the comm area	597
6-29	Initialization of the kprintf() function	604
6-30	Invocation of CHUD system-wide hooks for traps and ASTs	607
6-31	Invoking a disabled PowerPC-only system call	608
6-32	Implementing a kernel extension to register a PowerPC-only system call	609
6-33	Using kgmon and gprof for kernel profiling	613
6-34	Implementation of the profil() system call	615
6-36	Audit macros in the kernel and how they are used	623
6-38	kdebug tracing in the BSD system call handler	627
6-39	Using the kdebug facility in a program	630
6-40	Common header file for using the diagnostics system call interface	642
6-41	Retrieving boot-screen information using a diagnostics system call	643
6-42	Retrieving the physical address (if any) for a virtual address in the caller's address space	644
6-43	Retrieving physical memory using a diagnostics system call	645
6-45	Data structures for holding per-processor information	652
6-46	Causing an exception and retrieving the corresponding counter from the kernel	653
6-47	Maintenance of hardware exception counters in the kernel	654
6-48	Processing of low-tracing-related boot-time arguments during system startup	656
6-49	An example of low-trace record generation by kernel code	658
6-50	Control data structures for the VMM facility	659
6-51	A program to run machine code within a VM using the VMM facility	663
6-52	Result of running a sequence of machine instructions in a VM using the vmachmon32 program	674
6-53	Result of running a recursive factorial function within a VM using the vmachmon32 program	676
7-2	The processor set structure in the xnu kernel	690
7-3	The processor structure in the xnu kernel	692
7-6	Retrieving information about processors on the host	696
7-7	Out-of-line data received by a process from the kernel as a result of a Mach call	699
7-8	Starting and stopping a processor through the Mach processor interface	700
7-9	The task structure in the xnu kernel	702
7-10	The thread structure in the xnu kernel	706
7-14	Retrieving the current thread (shuttle) and the current activation on Mac OS X 10.3 and 10.4	716
7-15	Blocking with and without continuations	719
7-16	Continuation-related aspects of the BSD uthread structure	721
7-17	The use of continuations in the implementation of the select() system call	722
7-18	The skeleton of the nfsiod program	723
7-19	Creating a Mach task	728
7-20	Creating a Mach thread	730
7-21	Retrieving detailed task and thread information from the kernel	732
7-22	Counting the number of system calls made by a process	745
7-23	The BSD proc structure	747
7-24	The BSD uthread structure	748
7-26	Registering handlers to be run before and after a fork() system call invocation	750
7-28	Verifying the values returned by the kernel in the case of a raw fork() system call	754
7-30	Verifying that the child borrows the parent's resources during a vfork() system call	758
7-32	Creating and running Java threads	762
7-33	Using the NSTask Cocoa class	763
7-34	Using the NSThread Cocoa class	765
7-35	Launching an application through the Carbon Process Manager	767
7-36	Using Carbon Multiprocessing Services	769
7-37	Creating Carbon Thread Manager threads	772
7-39	Real-time clock interrupt processing	778
7-40	System clock configuration	781
7-41	Converting between absolute- and clock-time intervals	783
7-42	Scheduler startup	785
7-43	Sampling the value of the scheduler tick	786
7-44	Timer call processing	788
7-45	The scheduler's bookkeeping function	788
7-47	The run queue structure	792
7-48	Important scheduling-related fields of the task and thread structures	793
7-49	Computation of the timesharing priority of a thread	795
7-50	User-space computation of sched_pri_shift and sched_tick_interval	796
7-51	Computation of the usage-to-priority conversion factor for timeshared priorities	798
7-52	Approximating multiplication by 5/8 as implemented in the scheduler	800
7-53	Experimenting with the THREAD_PRECEDENCE_POLICY scheduling policy	803
7-54	Experimenting with the THREAD_TIME_CONSTRAINT_POLICY scheduling policy	807
7-55	Recomputing a thread's priority on a scheduling-policy change	810
7-56	Structure for holding executable image parameters during the execve() system call	812
7-58	Creation of the user stack during the execve() system call	820
7-59	A Mach-O executable with a custom stack	821
7-61	Dumping the Launch Services registration database	829
7-62	Example of a UTI declaration	832
8-2	A shell script for reading kernel virtual memory	842
8-3	Using the kvm(3) interface to read kernel memory	844
8-4	Determining the size of physical memory on a system	846
8-11	Grabbing a page from the free list	873
8-12	Reserving physical memory	874
8-14	Controlling memory inheritance	894
8-15	Protecting memory	897
8-16	Accessing another task's memory	899
8-17	Common header file for the shared memory client-server example	902
8-18	Source for the shared memory client	903
8-19	Source for the shared memory server	905
8-20	Examples of exported UBC routines	915
8-21	System-wide shared memory setup during bootstrapping	923
8-24	Using shared_region_map_file_np()	936
8-25	Loading a split-segment library in the global shared region	939
8-27	Reading the contents of the TWS subsystem's global user profile cache	945
8-28	TWS-related processing during the execve() system call	947
8-29	The malloc zones API	952
8-31	Scalable zone data structures	955
8-33	A program that performs tiny allocations	960
8-36	Determining the size of the largest single malloc() allocation	968
8-37	Allocating 2 petabytes of virtual memory	970
8-38	Implementing a version of the printf() function without using malloc()	971
8-39	Enumerating all malloc()-allocated pointers in a program	972
8-40	Displaying scalable-zone statistics	974
8-41	Logging malloc operations	977
8-42	Intercepting the malloc layer	979
8-45	Zone allocator functions	988
8-46	Printing sizes of kalloc zones supported in the kernel	992
8-47	Array of memory types supported by the BSD memory allocator	998
8-55	Using a 64-bit-only instruction	1011
9-1	System library wrappers around Mach messaging traps	1033
9-3	Descriptors for sending ports and out-of-line memory in Mach IPC messages	1036
9-4	Requesting the kernel to include the sender's security token in the message trailer	1039
9-6	The data structure for a task's IPC space	1042
9-8	IPC-related data structures associated with a Mach task	1048
9-9	IPC-related data structures associated with a Mach thread	1051
9-11	Listing the Mach ports and their attributes in a given process	1055
9-15	Displaying information about all known services in a bootstrap context	1072
9-16	A crash-resistant server	1074
9-17	launchd debug messages corresponding to a Mach server's initialization	1077
9-18	launchd debug messages corresponding to a Mach server's relaunch	1078
9-19	Common header file for the simple IPC client-server example	1080
9-20	Source for the simple IPC server	1081
9-21	Source for the simple IPC client	1083
9-22	Using a port set to receive request messages destined for multiple services	1086
9-23	Inserting port rights into an IPC space	1088
9-24	Sending out-of-line memory in an IPC message	1091
9-25	Sending port rights in an IPC message	1093
9-26	Common header file for the Miscellaneous Server and its client	1100
9-27	MIG specification file for the Miscellaneous Server	1102
9-28	Programmer-provided source for the Miscellaneous Server	1103
9-29	A client for accessing the services provided by the Miscellaneous Server	1106
9-32	Initialization of MIG subsystems during kernel bootstrap	1111
9-33	Exception ports at the host, task, and thread levels	1113
9-34	Initialization of exception handling during kernel bootstrap	1114
9-36	Delivery of Mach exceptions	1120
9-37	Processing of unresolved kernel traps	1121
9-38	An exception handler for "fixing" illegal instructions	1123
9-39	Signal notification of asynchronous I/O completion	1133
9-42	Common header file for the descriptor-passing client-server implementation	1150
9-43	Implementation of the descriptor-passing server	1150
9-44	Implementation of the descriptor-passing client	1153
9-45	Working with POSIX semaphores	1157
9-46	Working with POSIX shared memory	1161
9-48	Common header file for the Distributed Objects client-server example	1167
9-49	Server source for the Distributed Objects client-server example	1167
9-50	Client source for the Distributed Objects client-server example	1169
9-51	Exception-handling macros in the Foundation framework	1171
9-52	AppleScript program to speak the system version	1173
9-53	AppleScript program for opening and tiling Terminal application windows	1175
9-54	Sending Apple Events to the Finder from a C program	1177
9-55	A program for posting distributed notifications (NSNotification)	1182
9-56	A program for observing distributed notifications (NSNotification)	1183
9-57	Common header file for defining notification names	1185
9-58	Program for posting notify(3) notifications	1186
9-59	Receiving notifications through multiple mechanisms	1187
9-60	Monitoring a file through notify(3)	1191
9-61	Using the kqueue() and kevent() system calls to watch for file events	1194
9-62	A program for posting Core Foundation distributed notifications	1198
9-63	A program for observing Core Foundation distributed notifications	1199
9-65	A CFMessagePort server	1204
9-66	A CFMessagePort client	1205
9-67	A CFSocket client	1207
9-68	Using a CFRunLoopTimer	1209
9-70	Using locks in the kernel	1217
9-71	The Mach lock set interface	1218
9-72	Using Mach semaphores	1220
9-73	Internal structure of a Mach semaphore	1222
9-74	The structure of a Mac OS X funnel	1225
9-75	Automatic funnel use in a thread-unsafe file system	1227
10-3	The main function of the IOWorkLoop class	1247
10-4	Using IOWorkLoop in a driver	1248
10-5	The kmod_info structure	1254
10-6	The contents of a simple kernel extension bundle	1260
10-7	Excerpt from the build output of a Universal kernel extension	1261
10-8	Implementation of libkmodc++.a	1263
10-9	Declaration of the kmod_info structure for an I/O Kit driver kernel module	1264
10-10	Implementation of libkmod.a	1265
10-11	Declaration of the kmod_info structure for a generic kernel module	1266
10-13	Source for the DummySysctl kernel extension	1273
10-15	Implementing sysctl nodes	1277
10-16	An I/O Kit driver's personality and dependencies	1281
10-17	The driver personality of the BootCache kernel extension	1282
10-18	An excerpt from the iPod driver's property list file	1283
10-19	Header file for the DummyDriver I/O Kit driver	1284
10-20	Implementation of the DummyDriver I/O Kit driver's class	1285
10-23	Programmatically rotating a framebuffer	1290
10-24	Accessing framebuffer memory	1293
10-25	Retrieving the list of firmware variables from the I/O Registry	1295
10-26	Retrieving information about loaded kernel extensions	1296
10-28	Opening a connection to the motion sensor service object	1301
10-29	Invoking a user client method given an IOService connection handle	1302
10-30	Listing PCI devices in the system	1303
10-31	Retrieving the computer's serial number and model information	1304
10-32	Retrieving temperature sensor readings	1306
10-33	Retrieving the MAC addresses of Ethernet interfaces in the system	1309
10-34	Personality and dependency list for the SimpleCryptoDisk I/O Kit driver	1311
10-35	Header file for the SimpleCryptoDisk I/O Kit driver	1312
10-36	Source for the SimpleCryptoDisk I/O Kit driver	1314
10-37	Reading the contents of cleartext storage directly from the storage medium	1320
10-38	Using encrypted storage with the SimpleCryptoDisk filter scheme driver	1321
10-41	Periodic delivery of log messages to readers of the log device	1327
10-44	A simple C function	1339
10-45	Stabs-encoded debugging information in an assembly file	1340
11-1	Using ioctl operations to display information about a disk device	1346
11-2	Listing a disk's partitions	1348
11-5	Using Disk Arbitration to obtain a disk's description	1355
11-6	Expressing dissent against a mount operation	1357
11-7	Monitoring the appearance and disappearance of storage devices	1359
11-9	The Mac OS X block and character device switch structures	1364
11-15	Displaying information about all available file system types	1380
11-16	Vnode operations vectors in the VFS layer	1383
11-17	Initialization of vnode operations vectors during bootstrap	1385
11-22	Retrieving and setting an MDItem attribute	1412
11-25	A file system change logger based on the fsevents mechanism	1422
11-26	Programmatically launching the Spotlight search window	1431
11-27	Pseudocode for creating and running a Spotlight query using the MDQuery interface	1433
11-28	A program for executing raw Spotlight queries	1435
11-29	A program to create and set an ACL	1443
11-35	Common header file for the vnode-level file system activity monitor	1455
11-36	Source for the vnode-level file system activity monitor kernel extension	1457
11-37	Source for the user-space retrieval program for the vnode-level file system activity monitor	1464
12-7	The contents of an HFS+ volume header	1494
12-8	Finder information contained in the volume header of a boot volume	1499
12-10	The contents of a master directory block	1503
12-11	Hinting to the file system where to look for free space on a volume	1507
12-12	Examining allocation block consumption on a volume	1508
12-15	Using the Carbon File Manager API to convert a CNID to a Unix pathname	1516
12-16	The contents of a Catalog B-Tree's header node	1518
12-18	The contents of an Extents Overflow B-Tree's header node	1523
12-20	Programmatically setting an extended attribute	1527
12-26	Examining the HFS+ private metadata folder and hard-link creation	1549
12-27	Use of the private metadata folder for storing unlinked busy files	1552
12-28	A Python program to resolve an alias	1555
12-29	A Perl program to create a file with eight fragments on an HFS+ volume	1559
12-33	Viewing VFS event notifications using kqueue/kevent	1572
12-34	Querying a volume's capabilities	1576
A-1	Using the bless command to view boot-related information in the volume header	1589
A-2	Using command-line tools to display partitioning-related information	1590
A-3	Compiling an "empty" C program on the x86, PowerPC, and 64-bit PowerPC	1592
A-4	Running a program both natively and under Rosetta	1593
A-5	Testing a nonexecutable stack on the x86 version of Mac OS X	1595
A-6	Setting up a newly created thread's state on the x86 version of Mac OS X	1596
A-7	Invoking a system call on the x86 version of Mac OS X	1597

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